Altin Guberi ( Alnix Anders )

4 FOUR TERMINAL SENSING Four-terminal sensing   (4T sensing),   4-wire sensing, or   4-point probes method   is an   electrical impedance   measuring technique that uses separate pairs of   current -carrying and   voltage -sensing electrodes to make more accurate measurements than the simpler and more usual two-terminal (2T) sensing. Four-terminal sensing is used in some   ohmmeters   and   impedance analyzers , and in wiring for   strain gauges   and   resistance thermometers . Four-point probes are also used to measure   sheet resistance   of   thin films . Separation of current and voltage electrodes eliminates the lead and   contact resistance   from the measurement. This is an advantage for precise measurement of low resistance values. For example, an   LCR bridge   instruction manual recommends the four-terminal technique for accurate measurement of resistance below 100 o...

There are two ways that computers can generate random numbers: You can create some sort of device that monitors a completely random natural event and sends its results to the computer. For example, you could place a piece of  radioactive material  in front of a Geiger counter and connect the Geiger counter to a computer. Since  radioactive decay  is random, the Geiger counter would create truly random numbers. This approach is pretty rare, because not many people have Geiger counters connected to their machines. You can create a formula that generates a  pseudo-random  number. When designing the formula, the idea is for it to produce a string of numbers that would look random to anyone who did not know what the formula is. Characteristics of a good formula include: ·          No repetition : The sequence does not cycle around and repeat itself.  Good numeric distribution : If the formula is producing random...

   A   random number generator   ( RNG ) is a   computational   or physical device designed to generate a sequence of   numbers   or symbols that lack any pattern, i.e. appear   random . The many   applications of randomness   have led to the development of several different methods for generating   random   data. Many of these have existed since ancient times, including   dice ,   coin flipping , the   shuffling   of   playing cards , the use of   yarrow   stalks (by divination) in the   I Ching , and many other techniques. Because of the mechanical nature of these techniques, generating large numbers of sufficiently random numbers (important in statistics) required a lot of work and/or time. Thus, results would sometimes be collected and distributed as   random number tables . Nowadays, after the advent of computational random number generators, a growing number of governm...